Makalah Bahasa Inggris : Descriptive Paragraph

A. Preliminary

     1. Writing Itself of Descriptive Paragraph

Learning to write is essentially a study of how one express ideas and feelings through the medium of writing . Through writing, one can also express its needs, can record his thoughts about the important things or activities that are personal in their lives. In fact, writing can also be used as entertainment, in which a person can to communicate feelings and ideas to others through a variety of media and forms, such as letters, autobiography, story, and a essays.

There are many types of essays or writing, such as writing narrative, descriptive, argumentative, persuasive, with a variety of classes, such as classification, comparison, cause and effect, and others. All types of writing are to be mastered by the students in which they will be expected to demonstrate mastery of the types of writing including linguistic components of another. Thus, the ability of students to express their ideas and feelings will be conveyed effectively to the reader .

Writing is an activity ideas, ideas, concepts, thoughts, or imagination into written form ( printed ). As one aspect of language skills, writing is the most difficult aspect among other skills, such as listening, speaking, and reading. On writing activities, students are required to devote all the knowledge and other skills to be able to produce a " writing ". Good writing is generally produced by people like to read, insightful, lots of listening to everything , and have the ability to think well. Leonhardt  ( 2005:103 ) argues that the reading habit is very important to the success of writing.

Good writing has a flow, content and linguistic good. In terms of plot, good writing has a flow of sequential thinking, and sustainable. In terms of content, good writing containing the information is completely accurate and the truth can be justified scientifically. And in terms of language, a good essay using correct spelling, varied diction, effective sentences and coherent paragraphs .

The description is a form of discourse that tries to present an object or a thing such that it is as if the object is in front of the eyes of the reader's head, as if the reader see the object itself ( Keraf 1995:16 ). Description gives a mental image of something experienced things, such as landscape, people or sensation .

The main function of the description is making his readers see the goods or object, or absorb the distinctive quality of the goods. Descriptions make us look that makes the visualization of the object, or in other words, the description focuses on the appearance of the description of goods. In the description of the objects we see are filmed live and concrete, we see objects unanimously .

For example, we will make a description of a house, is expected to present many individual appearance and characteristics of the house, and some aspects that can be analyzed as: size, construction materials, and design architecture. Similarly, a description of the rural areas are less concerned with the study of topographical characteristics, but is more focused on the kinds of common privileges, and interesting local atmosphere. Because the intended beneficiaries are paying attention to the distinctive appearance of the object. Descriptions give the image more interesting about the object. Description of a lot to do with the relationship with sensory and imagery, then a lot of writing descriptions classified as creative writing.

Write a description of the purpose is to make the readers aware of what is absorbed by living writers through the senses, stimulate the reader a feeling of what it describes, presents a quality of immediate experience. Described object might be something that can be captured by our senses, a natural landscape, city streets, sewer rats or horse racing, the face of someone who pretty attractive, or someone who is desperate, the music or the rumble of thunder, and so on.

B. Discussion

1. Definition Descriptive Paragraph

Paragraph description is a paragraph that depicts or describes something based on all sensory experiences in words is clear and detailed. The purpose of this paragraph is to provide details or details about the object so that readers seemed to come see, hear, feel, or experience what is described.

example:
               The park was also decorated with several statues of white storks. The statues that look very unique. In the middle of the park there is a pond. In the middle of the pond there are fountains. Assorted toys helped complete the Tourism Park Ground.

Paragraph description of a depiction of a situation with the sentences, so that the impression that life. Depiction or painting it should be presented as lively-life, so what's depicted life in the fantasy reader. Paragraph is a higher unity of the sentence. Paragraph consists of only one theme. Paragraph is not a sentence, but a sentence that has one subject matter. Main ideas in paragraphs supported by the unity of meaning that comes from a few sentences. So, not a collection of paragraphs from a few sentences that do not have a sense of unity (Anwar Hasnun, 2006:25).

Paragraph description of the elements in this case means the parts that construct a paragraph description. Element too, who at once became a benchmark assessment a paragraph description, whether written paragraph was perfect or not. Wandono in Siburian (2010:18) points out elements of the paragraph following the description.

1)      Contents
          In paragraph description, the content is an aspect of assessment. Contents include topics and sequence development. A topic can be sourced from the experience, knowledge, imagination, opinions and beliefs, facts. So the paragraph may present the opinions, beliefs, facts, opinions attitudes, responses, imagination, forecasts, and so on. A topic paragraph formulated again into sub-topics to form a good framework, or a sequence of development within a paragraph.

             Contents good paragraph must show sufficient detail the development order, and carefully and logically arranged. Thus, a regular arrangement of paragraphs and the author does not come out of the stated objective.

2)      Content Organization

In a paragraph to note the contents of the organization. Content of the paragraph organization is processing materials, organize, develop and arrange them in a logical structure. Organizations should pay attention to the contents of a good cohesion and coherence. Cohesion can be seen through the development of a logical sentence or relationship. Thoughts relationships that exist within a single paragraph to be coherent, complete and compact. This cohesion can be built through conjunctions, pronouns and keywords (word repetition overlooked). Looks when the sentence coherence with each other clearly shows the logic.

3)      Diction Word Choice

               In paragraph description, diction an essay more interesting. In Big Indonesian Dictionary (2003:264), diction is the right choice of words and harmony (in its use) to express the idea in order to obtain certain effects (as expected).
In order for businesses utilizing interesting storytelling techniques through the choice of the word diction must either (1) choose the right words to express ideas or things that are mandated, (2) an author must have the ability to accurately distinguish nuances of meaning in accordance with the idea of ​​wanting delivered and the ability to find a shape that suits your situation and the reader a sense of value, (3) the right choice of words adan appropriate only possible if he mastered a large number of vocabulary words (vocabulary).al relationship reciprocal and explicitly addresses the main idea.

4)      impressionism
         Paragraph description of impressionism shows two things.

         First the objects depicted. Depicted object is derived from experience, completion, imagination, and so on. In paragraph description of painting an object must attract attention, so it can actually be seen, heard, read and felt by the reader.

        Secondly, the details of the objects depicted. The details can be characteristics or details of an object. Objects depicted dai details will show an interesting paragraph description. Thus a description essay can meet its existence as a description of a typical paragraph.

So, it is clear that something (object) who want to be depicted must have seen protruding details about the object. Details of the object can also distinguish between objects depicted with other objects. Thus the description paragraph will look attractive.
In this study, assessment description paragraphs using the above elements as a descriptor which later developed into indicators. With these indicators, the ability to write a paragraph description of the data can be measured.

2. Types of Descriptive Paragraphs

In general, paragraph descriptions divided into two kinds, namely:

a)      Paragraph spatial description is a paragraph that describes the occurrence of an  event or place. Depiction must be viewed from a variety of terms that are clearly defined space in the thoughts and fellings of the reader.

example:

Pitch black night in the Brantas river. Caught. Intermittently bustle that no desultory it became one with bells and whistles that horrify and discouraging, sign a king rimbah ne fell to the ground forever.

 Crowded in jungle warfare and apparently it will not stop. There was no pity-pity, which collapsed stay fall, no one will pick it up.

 Occasional bright weather the wilderness, like a fire attack. But in the blink of an eye fact the loss of light that dare push him into the middle of the war, destroyed by enemies within it "black king".

b) Paragraph objective description is a paragraph that describes a thing or person to disclose his identity as it is so that the reader can imagine the situation. So that an object can evoke imagination to the reader, the writer must describe it from different angles. The more detailed the writing, the more clearly illustrated in the shadow of the reader.

             If the object is a person described it, the details can be made ​​to the physical aspect and the spiritual aspect. Spiritual aspects include feelings, character, talent, its role in the field of employment, etc.

example:

In the corner near the door sat a man. Paijo his name. He wore shorts and a T-shirt that had been torn to pieces, depicting the squalor and poverty suffered daily. On his broad chest and contains, a strong arm veins can be seen how the full weight of his day job.

 The water is murky face, cheeks and eyes sunken deflated states that it has taken the road of life is full of obstacles and thorns.

3. Characteristics of Descriptive Paragraph

1. depicts or describes something

2. The above descriptions clearly done by involving the senses

3. Make the reader or listener to feel alone or experience

4. Development patterns

5. Spatial development pattern is a pattern of paragraph development based space and  time

6. Development pattern or objective point of view is based on paragraph development pattern and the position where the writer saw something

4. Writing Steps of Descriptive Paragraph

The steps in writing a paragraph description is: (1) determine the theme, (2) set a goal of writing, (3) collecting material, (4) make the outline, (5) developing the outline, and (6) revising essays.

The first step is to determine the theme. At this event the first thing to do if going to write an essay is to determine the theme. This means that it must be determined what is discussed in the text. Theme is the central idea that would be submitted in writing. Main idea or ideas can be derived from experience, research results, some sources, opinions, and observations. Statement theme may be the same as the title, but maybe not.

The second step is to determine the purpose of writing. At this step every writer should express clearly the purpose of writing is to tackle. Formulation of the purpose of writing is very important and should be determined in advance as this is the starting point in all subsequent writing activities. By determining the purpose of writing, you will know what to do at this stage of the writing. We will know the necessary ingredients, a wide organizational arrangements that will apply, or may be selected viewpoints. Is the principal determinant of the destination and will direct as well as limiting essay. Awareness of the purpose for the writing process will maintain the integrity of the paper.

 The third step is to collect the material. At the time of choosing and limiting a topic we should have predicted the possibility of material gain. By limiting the topic, then we really have to focus on the limited topic, and collect special materials as well. Writing materials can be collected on prewriting stage and can also take place at the time of writing. For small problems that objectives are clear in our minds the determination and collection of materials can be made ​​at the time of writing.

The fourth step is to create the outline. So that the organization can be determined essays, first we have to prepare the outline. Formulate the outline is one way to develop a clear and structured series regular of the essay to be written. The outline of a work plan that can be used as an outline in writing. Also assures authors outline the ideas in a logical and orderly. Preparation outline is highly recommended because it will avert the author of the mistakes that should not have happened.

Outline of usability for the author is (a) outline can arrange bouquets regularly and do not discuss the idea of ​​two times, and can prevent the author out of the targets that have been formulated in a topic or title; (b) shows an outline of the principal parts essay and gives the possibility for expansion of these parts. This will help authors create different atmosphere, in accordance with the desired variation, and (c) an outline of the author will show the materials or any material that is needed in the discussion of which shall be written later.

The fifth step is to develop the outline. At this step the authors develop the outline into an essay or a writing piece.

And the final step is to revise the essay. At this step total liability examine the spelling.

REFERENCES

Paragraf Deskripsi. Pengertian, ciri-ciri paragraf deskripsi, [online], (http://menulisalaerny.blogspot.com/2012/10/pengertian-ciri-ciri-paragraf-deskripsi.html , accessed 17 September 2013)

Arif Fadholi. Pengertian Paragraf Deskripsi, [online], (http://ariffadholi.blogspot.com/2011/02/pengertian-paragraf-deskripsi.html , accessed 17 September 2013)